Market Gardening Ap Human Geography

9910648132 Animal Husbandry An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. 0 9910648133 Cash Cropping Planting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell. 1 9910648134 Corporate Agriculture (Agribusiness) System of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market. 2 9910648135 Commercial Crops A crop grown for direct sale rather than for livestock feed. 3 9910648136 Domestication of Plants Domesticating plants for human use, one of the first steps to a full fledged agricultural economy. 4 9910648137 Double Cropping Planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year. 5 9910648138 Fallow When farmers grow crops in a clear field for only a few years until the soil nutrients are depleted. The farmers then have the soul empty for a few years so the nutrients in the soil can be restored; uncropped land. 6 9910648139 GMOs Foods that are mostly products or organisms that have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value; Genetically Modified Organisms. 7 9910648140 Intensive Farming Subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relative large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a pared of land. 8 9910648141 Labor-intensive Crops Includes fruits, garden vegetables, herbs, and anything requiring constant tending or wielding. 9 9910648142 Labor-intensive Animals Animals that require constant tending, includes dairy cow and poultry for eggs. 10 9910648143 Monoculture Dependence on a single agricultural commodity. 11 9910648144 Mechanization In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines. 12 9910648145 Market Gardens Small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers, Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually. 13 9910648146 Primary Economy Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials. 14 9910648147 Plantation Agriculture Raising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export. 15 9910648148 Suitcase Farmers A suitcase farm is a farm in which no one reside permanently, they go against the grain of traditional farming. In the US migrant workers provide a cheap, abundant labor source; they work on the farm during the day and leave at night. There is no residence on the site. 16 9910648149 Spring Wheat Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer. 17 9910648150 Sustainable Yield Rate of crop production that can be maintained over time. 18 9910648151 Transhumance Movement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter. 19 9910648152 Winter Wheat Wheat plated in the fall and harvested in the early summer. 20 9910648153 Von Thunen Model Theory that a commercial farmer wull decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.

21 9910648154 Green Revolution An outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm. 22 9910648155 Communes A group of people living together and sharing processions. 23 9910648156 SE Asia domesticated what? Yams, Taro Root, Bananas, palm oil, cattle, sheep, goats 24 9910648157 Western Africa domesticated what? Millet(China), Sorghum 25 9910648158 S. Mexico domesticated what? squash, beans, cotton, Maize(Corn), 26 9910648159 SW Asia domesticated what? Wheat, Barley, Rice(India) 27 9910648160 1st Agric Revo Location Nile River Valley/Fertile Crescent 28 9910648161 1st Agric Revo Change Nomadic herders to sedentary lifestyle and intentional farming 29 9910648162 1st Agric Revo Impact Birth of civilization Birth of urban areas Birth of government Birth of class structures(social stratified) Before this egalitarian Created irrigation Created farmers,slaves, government officials, merchants Surplus of food Led to writing Began trading which led to system of defense Towns located on high ground(acropolis) and water 30 9910648163 2nd Agric Revo Location England, Denmark, Netherlands 31 9910648164 2nd Agric Revo Sustained by... Mechanical reaper Combustible engine Seed drill Railroad Refrigeration Artificial feed New banking practices 32 9910648165 2nd Agric Revo Before I.R Improved methods Improved plows and draft-animals (Leesdale and ox) New crops Potato and Corn since both can be grown in marginalized land(Not-so fertile land) Government policies British Enclosure Act Crop rotation and consolidated/fenced off land In same year and plot, rotate crops to maintain soil fertility Improved soil fertility Canals 33 9910648166 3rd Agric Revo Defintion new strains with higher yields through genetic manipulation to increase yield through the use of herbicides and fertilizers 34 9910648167 How to increase GMOs 1. Purchase artificial fertilizer Chemicals 2. Irrigation system 3. Purchase herbicides/pesticides 4. Purchase machines to keep up with production 5. Need a receptive environment 6. Need receptive commodity markets 7. Barriers to implementation Poor, unreceptive environment river water 35 9910648168 Shifting Cultivation Location Subtropics and Tropics 36 9910648169 Shifting Cultivation Steps and Characteristics Steps: Clear land Plant land Fallow(not planting anything so soil can replenish itself) Come back to land when it is full of nutrients Characteristics: Low quality land Low population density 37 9910648170 Slash-and-Burn is also know Patch agriculture Milpa(Yucatan peninsula) Swidden(Indonesia) Chitemene (Nambia) Ladang(Old english meaning to farm) 38 9910648171 Nomadism Dry Areas Same climate as livestock ranching(commercial farms in MDCs) Marginalized land 39 9910648172 Commercial Farming Positives Increase yield Keeps food costs low 40 9910648173 Commercial Farming Negatives Use of chemicals Human health Younger age of puberty Cancer increase Environment Rainforest destruction Desertification Rise in sustainably sourced farming Local and organic Blue zone where business collaborate to show thi 41 9910648174 Livestock Ranching Raising of domesticated animals for food or items like leather Climate: Dry Growing industry As countries develop, meat eating increases Standard of living increases Not near market Bulk-reducing industry 42 9910648175 Dairying Climate: Cold Perishable Area surrounding dairying is milk shed Closer to market North Latitude Bulk-gaining Bottling fluid 43 9910648176 Mixed livestock and grain Raise domesticated animals and growing feed 44 9910648177 Commercial Grain Farming Wheat belt Bread-basket US Corn belt 45 9910648178 Market Gardening Items people garden Near market since items are perishable Suitcase farms Rely on migrant labor 46 9910648179 Mediterranean Dry summers High rainfall needed France, Spain, Greece, North Africa, Australia, Chile, California Produce grapes, citrus, etc. Wine production 47 9910648180 Plantation farming Tropics In LDCs Owned by MDCs Cash crops 48 9910648181 Cash Crop Examples Worldwide Cotton Rubber Amazon Rice India Sugar from Caribbean 49 9910648182 Coffee Ethiopian Origin US #1 consumer Central America and Africa produce it 50 9910648183 Tea Most production in Asia China British own most tea plantations 51 9910648184 Illegal Drugs Marijuana, Poppy seeds Core are demanders Periphery grows them Takes processing 52 9910648185 What two factors influenced Von Thunen model? Perishability and Transport Costs 53 9910648186 Von Thunen ring outside city(1) Market gardening/dairying/feedlot Feedlots fatten livestock before slaughter Skinny before sent near market 54 9910648187 Von Thunen ring (2) Forestry and growing feed grains Wood: Fuel and building materials Feed: Food for livestock 55 9910648188 Von Thunen ring (3) Food grains and cash crops 56 9910648189 Von Thunen ring (4) Livestock ranching Low land cost and marginalized land 57 9910648190 Von Thunen assumptions Flat terrain---Similar climate/soil---no barriers to transportation 58 9910648191 Von Thunen factors that decrease the model Refrigeration Food preservation Global markets/corporate decision making New alternatives for fuel New ways grains are used 59 9910648192 Horizontal integration Companies buy out companies Allows for them to set prices No quality for consumers Aka Monopoly Laws created in 1900s that makes monopoly illegal Multiple like industries 60 9910648193 Vertical integration One industry that eliminates the middleman Control supply chain Food is homogenous Farm production becomes aggregated Create more commercial agricultural No more small farms Harmful effects on people and environment 61 9910648194 Double cropping Harvesting twice in one year Employ crop rotation 62 9910648195 Triple cropping Harvesting 3 times in one year Employ crop rotation 63 9910648196 Vertical farming Urban, crowded, squatter areas Takes up less space 64 9910648197 Agrarian-based society Based on agriculture Mesopotamian, River valley, Primary sectors 65 9910648198 Animal husbandry Care of domesticated animals 66 9910648199 Open-lot farming Type of subsistence farming Village farms the land Ejiado 67 9910648200 Subsistence crop Food crops used only by family or local market trading 68 9910648201 Organic Farming o extracts farmers from big corporations o environmental=reduce synthetic chemicals in soil/water farming and ranching without the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other synthetic inputs. o sold in 54% of US grocery store 69 9910648202 Truck Farms Farm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies 70 9910648203 Staple Grains wheat, barley, rye, maize, or rice; potatoes, yams, taro, arrowroot, or cassava 71